EFFICACY OF Lactobacillus fermentum L. IN REDUCING PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS AND ALLEVIATING SYMPTOMS OF VAGINAL INFECTIONS

Abstract

Lactobacillus fermentum is a significant member of the gastrointestinal and urogenital microbiota in humans and one of the most notable bacteria utilized as probiotics. The primary mechanism of action of lactobacilli is based on the inhibition of pathogenic infections through the production of antimicrobial compounds such as lactic acid, short-chain fatty acids, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), bacteriocins, and biosurfactants. One of the key roles of the Lactobacillus genus in the vaginal environment is the production of lactic acid, which maintains a low pH (approximately 3.8–4.5), thereby preventing the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and reducing the incidence of bacterial vaginosis (BV).Additionally, L. fermentum demonstrates the ability to adhere to vaginal epithelial cells, forming a physical barrier that prevents the colonization of pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Gardnerella vaginalis. This interaction reduces the risk of infections and inflammation while contributing to the balance of the vaginal microbiota. Furthermore, L. fermentum stimulates the immune response through interactions with vaginal epithelium and immune cells, enhancing the activity of local macrophages and dendritic cells and increasing the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA), which protects mucosal surfaces from infections.Numerous studies have explored the potential of L. fermentum in preventing and treating BV, where this probiotic aids in restoring the vaginal microbiota and alleviating symptoms such as discomfort, discharge, and unpleasant odor. This strain may also help prevent urinary tract infections, particularly those ascending from the urethra or rectum toward the vagina. Both oral and local administration of L. fermentum has shown a positive impact on the vaginal microbiota, reducing the number of harmful microorganisms and promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria.The results of this study confirm the significant efficacy of Lactobacillus fermentum in reducing the presence of pathogenic microorganisms (E. coli, G. vaginalis, and C. albicans) and alleviating symptoms such as discomfort, itching, and discharge. The greatest therapeutic effect was observed after four weeks of treatment, with the majority of participants achieving complete elimination of G. vaginalis and C. albicans. However, older participants showed a lower rate of pathogen elimination, which may be associated with a weakened immune response, comorbidities, or prolonged exposure to pathogens.This study supports the use of L. fermentum as an effective probiotic in the treatment of vaginal infections, with the note that the older population may require additional attention and therapy adjustments. Further research with a larger number of participants and diverse demographic groups is needed to better understand variations in therapy response and the potential long-term effects of this probiotic treatment.